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Having visited Pakistan in 1994 I never had time to visit the North. This is something I always wanted to do; especially Chitral. What lead us to the Hindukhush Heights was a mention in a book 'Heirs to Forgotten Kingdoms'. The author, Gerard Russell, stayed at this hotel during a trip to the Kalesh Valleys and spoke about the owners and the hotel. That was it. We had to go there and what a wonderful place it is. I think other reviewers have summed up everything about it beautifully. The accommodation, food and that nothing was too much trouble made for a wonderful stay. The only down side, and this was not the fault of the hotel, was that we had to have a police escort when travelling outside the hotel environs. Possibly this was due to the fact that we were British Citizens and was for our security. However we were most fortunate in being accompanied by a very friendly, helpful and most versatile policeman. Thank you to all for a most wonderful stay. I would like to add that we visited here in August 2015 but Tripadvisor does not allow one to use this date on their system! I should have written something sooner! Mike & Anthea Robinson.More
Show lessPakistan (which translates as “the land of the pure”) means for Italians the legend of K2. The K comes from the Karakorum Highway (the highest asphalted road in the world), the 2 from the fact that it’s the second highest peak in the world.
At Skardu, reachable by plane from Islamabad, you can find the K2 Base Camp, where there’s a small Italian museum, Italia K2 2004. This commemorates the expedition of Luigi Amedeo di Savoia, the Duke of the Abruzzi. In 1909, he succeeded in going above 6,600 metres, opening up what became the classic route, used by Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni when they were the first men to reach the summit in 1954.
For an unusual place to stay between March and November, there’s the North West, between the mountains and the border with Afghanistan, where a visit to Chitral and a trekking trip is a must. This is where the Prince of Chitral, Siraj Ul Mulk, and his wife, Ghazala, have opened the Hotel Hindukusk Heights, which has a fantastic position and outstanding cuisine. Guests have included Robert De Niro and Prince Philip from Great Britain.
Winter is the best time to visit Islamabad, which has been the country’s capital since 1967. It’s the centre of politics and international diplomacy, a city of new architecture which houses the seat of government and the Supreme Court, which is surrounded by avenues and Hollywood-style villas set among the hills of the Margalla Hills National Park.
For somewhere to stay in addition to the Marriott Hotel (known unfortunately for the attack of 2008, but now completely reconstructed), there’s the Grand Hotel Serena, owned by the Aga Khan, which offers services and prices equal to those of a Western hotel. It has magnificent suites, two swimming-pools, a spa and three restaurants: Zamana (Pakistani-Continental), Al Maghreb (Magrebi-Lebanese) and Wild Rice (Asian) at prices accessible only to westerners.
The city is divided into sectors. If you’re used to driving on the left, you could hire a car; alternatively, opt for a vehicle with driver to visit Taxila, the Rothas Fort or Rawalpindi. The Pakistanis have a strong tradition of hospitality, but a different conception of time – if you’re invited for 8, don’t arrive before 9.
In the city, The House of Bombay offers formal dinner, with a mix of Kashmiri, Punjabi, Sindhi, British and Arabic cuisines, alongside special Bombay recipes from the menu from 1922. There’s The Mango Tree, Thai cuisine at The Monal's Tree House, on top of Margalla Hill, with a spectacular view of the city, as well as Signature, with its famous chef Masood, which offers Pakistani-Continental cuisine.
When it comes to shopping, forget the idea of the chaotic, dusty bazaar: the shops here are inside concrete buildings, and you can spend hours choosing the softest pashmina or the most original Afghan or Kashmiri craftwork. Recommended is a visit to Maharaja Handicrafts for pashminas, coats and carpets. For craftsmanship and metal work, there’s Pak Turk (address: F-7/1), which has carpets, lamps, antiques and furniture. Try British Suiting if you want to have men’s suits or shirts hand made for you.
Don’t miss the galleries of contemporary art, where you can see the latest trends and the work of successful artists in Pakistan. Don’t be surprised if you find them inside the gallery owner’s house: Tanzara, House No 14, Street 12, Sector F-7/2, the Nomad Gallery, Gallery 6, and Khaas Gallery.
Forget the calm and the organisation of Islamabad and go around 10km to Rawalpindi’s Raja Bazaar, where you can find anything from a needle to an elephant, or ask where you can find the “truck painting” artists who decorate the multi-colour lorries you see on the country’s roads.
From Islamabad the road towards Peshawar runs along the edge of the Khyber Pass. It was in Peshawar in the 80s that Afghan refugees embroidered Boetti’s famous maps and it’s along the road that you find Taxila, one of the main centres of Gandhara art. This a fascinating mix of Buddhist, Hindu and Greek culture, where the Buddhas are supported by figures of Atlas in perfect harmnony.
Lahore is around an hour’s flight from Islamabad. It’s the cultural capital of Pakistan and also the capital of the national sport – cricket: don’t miss a game at the Gaddafi Stadium.
On the border with India, where the Wagah Border ceremony is held each day, you’ll find the Moghul architecture, the traffic and the confusion typical of any Indian metropolis. Today it’s famous in the international press as the birthplace of Imran Khan, the former captain of the Pakistani cricket team and ex-husband of the English socialite Jemina Goldsmith. He’s now in the running to become the country’s president in 2013.
Pakistan is a place to visit from November to April. Saying the summer is hot is an understatement. Lahore boasts UNESCO World Heritage Sites such as Lahore Fort, the residence of sultans like Akbar and Shah Jahan, who dedicated the Taj Mahal at Agra to his wife Mumtaz Mahal. The fort includes the Shish Mahal, or Palace of Mirrors. Immediately outside is the Badshahi Mosque. Within driving distance are the mausoleum of the Emperor Jahangir and the Shalimar Gardens, which are laid out over three terraces with marble pavilions, fountains, ornamental pools and fountains in Persian style.
For a Pakistani dinner, try Coco’s in the old city. There is work by the owner, the artist Iqbal Hussain, in the entrance. Follow the spiral staircase to the terrace for a breathtaking view of the Badshabi Mosque and the Fort.
Restaurants: in Gulberg Road, the family-run Sarhad Restaurant offers a Pathan-style menu and the Salt & Pepper Grill has a delicious BBQ and local cuisine. Among the restaurants in the two most important hotels in Lahore, the luxurious Dum Pukth at the Pearl-Continental Hotel has a Pakistani atmosphere and the Fujiama at the Avari offers Japanese food.
If you’re looking for a sophisticated but more intimate atmosphere away from the big hotels, choose the Residency Hotel in Gulberg, which boasts one of the most famous spas and fitness centres in the city.
Alam Road and Kursheed Kasuri Road are the ideal place for coffee shops. Designers: Neelofar Shahid, whose embroidered coats are sold in Paris and New York. If you don’t have time to have a coat made to measure, you can find pret-à-porter clothes at PFDC and the Lahore Mall. For hair-dressing and make-up: Jenny's, Nabilla and Athar Shehzad. You can find furnishings and furniture at Ahad, Zamana Interiors and Indesign.
In the city that boasts the most important art academy in the country, don’t miss galleries of contemporary art like Grey Noise, Ejaz Gallery, Hamail and Framers. They’re all on Alam Road. If you’re passionate about polo, you could go and see a polo match at the weekend at the Lahore Polo Ground (during the winter between October and March).
Greg Mortenson, the founder of the Central Asian Institute sums up the spirit of Pakistan in his acclaimed book Three Cups of Tea like this: 'With the first cup of tea you are a stranger, with the second you become a friend, and with the third, you join our family.'
HOTELS
Hindukusk Heights
Chitral, Pakistan
Chitral, Pakistan
Islamabad Marriott Hotel
Aga Khan Road, Shalimar,
Islamabad
Aga Khan Road, Shalimar,
Islamabad
Grand Hotel Serena
Khayaban-e-Suhrawardy,
Islamabad
Khayaban-e-Suhrawardy,
Islamabad
Pearl-Continental Hotel
Shahrah-e-Quaid-e-Azam
P.O.Box#983,
Shahrah-e-Quaid-e-Azam
P.O.Box#983,
Lahore
Avari Lahore Hotel
87 Shahrah-e-Quaid-e-Azam,
Lahore
87 Shahrah-e-Quaid-e-Azam,
Lahore
Residency Hotel
39-A, Gulberg V,
Off Zafar Ali Road,
Lahore
RESTAURANT
The House of Bombay
18 Khayaban-e-Iqbal,
Islamabad
18 Khayaban-e-Iqbal,
Islamabad
Mango Tree
2 Hill Road,
Islamabad
2 Hill Road,
Islamabad
The Monal's Tree House
Gokina Moor, Pir Sohawa,
Islamabad
Gokina Moor, Pir Sohawa,
Islamabad
Signature
47-A Main Bhittai RoadShop #3,
Kohsar Market F-7/1, Jinnah Super,
Islamabad
Islamabad
Sarhad Restaurant
Guru Mangat Road,
Lahore
Guru Mangat Road,
Lahore
Salt 'n Pepper Grill
1 - Q Gulberg - II,
Lahore
1 - Q Gulberg - II,
Lahore
SHOPPING
Maharaja Handicrafts
Shop 3, Block 8
Super Market, F-6 Markaz,
Islamabad
Shop 3, Block 8
Super Market, F-6 Markaz,
Islamabad
Pak Turk
House #17-B, Street #43, F-7/1,
Islamabad
House #17-B, Street #43, F-7/1,
Islamabad
British Suiting & Dress Makers
Sh# 1, Madni Plaza,
Jinnah Avenue, Blue Area
Islamabad
Islamabad
Nilofer Couture
35-B Aziz Avenue, Canal Bank Jail Road, Gulberg 5,
Lahore
35-B Aziz Avenue, Canal Bank Jail Road, Gulberg 5,
Lahore
Zamana Interiors
11-C, Main Gulberg Road
Lahore
Indesign
65-Main Boulevard, Gulberg
Lahore
11-C, Main Gulberg Road
Lahore
Indesign
65-Main Boulevard, Gulberg
Lahore
HSY Studio
23/B, Ali Zaib Road, Gulberg III,
Lahore
23/B, Ali Zaib Road, Gulberg III,
Lahore
ART & GALLERIES
Faisal Mosque
Faisal Ave, Islamabad, Pakistan
Faisal Ave, Islamabad, Pakistan
Tanzara Art Gallery
Street 12, F-7/2
Islamabad
Street 12, F-7/2
Islamabad
Nomad Gallery
# 22, Justice Abdur Rashid Road
(old 7th Avenue), F-6/1
Islamabad
# 22, Justice Abdur Rashid Road
(old 7th Avenue), F-6/1
Islamabad
Gallery 6
House 624, Street 44, G-9/1
Islamabad
Khaas Gallery
House 1, Street 2, (off Margalla Road), F-6/3,
Islamabad
Grey Noise
26 A, KB Colony, Street 4,
Airport Road, Lahore - Cantt., 54810
Lahore
House 624, Street 44, G-9/1
Islamabad
Khaas Gallery
House 1, Street 2, (off Margalla Road), F-6/3,
Islamabad
Grey Noise
26 A, KB Colony, Street 4,
Airport Road, Lahore - Cantt., 54810
Lahore
Hamail Art Gallery
79-c/1, off MM Alam Road opp KFC, Gulberg III,
Lahore
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Last On Vogue
Kennedy in 2017 | |
Personal details | |
---|---|
Born | January 17, 1954 (age 65) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse(s) | Emily Black (m.1982; div.1994) Cheryl Hines (m.2014) |
Children | 6 (including Kyra Kennedy) |
Parents | Robert F. Kennedy Ethel Skakel |
Relatives | See Kennedy family |
Education | Harvard University (BA) London School of Economics University of Virginia (JD) Pace University (LLM) |
Robert Francis Kennedy Jr. (born January 17, 1954) is an American activist, environmental attorney, and author. Kennedy serves as president of the board of Waterkeeper Alliance,[1] a non-profit environmental group that he helped found in 1999.
From 1986 until 2017, Kennedy served as senior attorney for the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC),[2] a non-profit environmental organization. He served from 1984 until 2017 as board member and chief prosecuting attorney for Hudson Riverkeeper.[3]
For over thirty years, Kennedy has been a professor of Environmental Law at Pace University School of Law. Until August 2017, he also held the post as supervising attorney and co-director of Pace Law School's Environmental Litigation Clinic, which he founded in 1987.[4] He is currently professor emeritus at Pace.[5]
Kennedy co-hosts Ring of Fire, a nationally syndicated American radio program, and has written or edited ten books, including two New York Times bestsellers and three children's books.[6]
- 2Legal career
- 3Personal views
- 6Personal life
Early life
Kennedy was born in Washington, D.C. on January 17, 1954. He is the third of eleven children of Senator and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Kennedy, and is a nephew of Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., President John F. Kennedy, and Senator Ted Kennedy. His aunt Eunice Kennedy Shriver founded Special Olympics,[7] and another aunt, Jean Kennedy Smith, is a former US ambassador to Ireland.[8]
Kennedy grew up at his family's homes of Hickory Hill in McLean, Virginia (a suburb of Washington) and Cape Cod.[9] He was 9 years old in 1963 when his uncle, President John F. Kennedy, was assassinated during a political trip to Dallas, and 14 years old in 1968 when his father was assassinated while running for president in the 1968 Democratic presidential primaries.
Kennedy learned of his father's shooting when he was at Georgetown Preparatory School, a Jesuit boarding school in North Bethesda, Maryland.[10] A few hours later, he flew to Los Angeles on vice-president Hubert Humphrey's plane, along with his elder sister Kathleen and elder brother Joseph, and was with his father when he died. Kennedy served as a pallbearer in his father's funeral, where he spoke and read excerpts from his father's speeches at the Mass commemorating his death at Arlington National Cemetery.[11][12]
In the summer of 1970, he was charged with marijuana possession in Hyannis, Massachusetts. In August 1971, he was arrested for loitering, also in Hyannis, and plead no contest to the charge.[13]
After obtaining his high school diploma from the Palfrey Street School in Massachusetts,[14][9] Kennedy continued his education at Harvard and the London School of Economics, graduating from Harvard College in 1976 with a Bachelor of Arts in American History and Literature. He went on to earn a Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia and a Master of Laws from Pace University.[15]
Legal career
In 1983, Kennedy served as Assistant District Attorney in Manhattan. In 1984, Kennedy joined Riverkeeper as an investigator, and was promoted to senior prosecuting attorney[16] when he was admitted to the New York bar in 1985.[17]
Kennedy is an environmental law specialist and partner in the law firms of Morgan & Morgan PA and of Kennedy & Madonna, LLP,[18] and is an advocate for environmental justice.
Through litigation, lobbying, teaching, and public campaigns and activism, Kennedy has advocated for the protection of waterways, indigenous rights, and renewable energy.[19]
In 2018 the National Trial Lawyers Association awarded Kennedy and his trial team Trial Team of the Year for their work winning a $289 million jury verdict in Dwayne 'Lee' Johnson v Monsanto.[20]
Riverkeeper
Kennedy litigated and supervised environmental enforcement lawsuits on the east coast estuaries on behalf of Hudson Riverkeeper and the Long Island Soundkeeper,[21] where he also served as a board member. Long Island Soundkeeper brought numerous lawsuits against cities and industries along the Connecticut and New York coastlines.[22] In 1986, Kennedy won a landmark case against Remington Arms Trap and Skeet Gun Club in Stratford, Connecticut, that ended the practice of shooting lead shot into Long Island Sound.[23] Kennedy also filed federal lawsuits to close the Pelham Bay landfill and the New York Athletic clubs, arguing that those facilities were interfering with public use of Long Island Sound.[24] On the Hudson, Kennedy brought a series of lawsuits against municipalities, including New York City, to properly treat sewage, and against industries, including, Consolidated Edison, General Electric and Exxon, to stop discharging pollution and to clean up legacy contamination.[25][26]
In 1995, Kennedy advocated for repeal of the anti-environmental legislation during the 104th Congress.[27] In 1997, Kennedy co-authored The Riverkeepers with John Cronin. The book is a history of the early Riverkeepers and a primer for the Waterkeeper movement.[16]
Drawing on his experience investigating and prosecuting polluters on behalf of the Waterkeepers, Kennedy has written extensively about environmental law enforcement.[28]
Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic
In 1987, Kennedy founded the Environmental Litigation Clinic at Pace University School of Law, where he served for three decades as the clinic's supervising attorney and co-director, and as Clinical Professor of Law.[29] Kennedy obtained a special order from the New York State Court of Appeals that permitted his 10 clinic students–second- and third-year law students–to practice law and to try cases against Hudson River polluters in state and federal court, under the supervision of Kennedy and his co-director, Professor Karl Coplan. The clinic's full-time clients are Riverkeeper and Long Island Soundkeeper.[30]
The clinic has prosecuted numerous governments and companies for polluting Long Island Sound and the Hudson River and its tributaries.[31] The clinic argued cases to expand citizen access to the shoreline, and won hundreds of settlements for the Hudson Riverkeeper.[32] Kennedy and his students also sued dozens of municipal waste-water treatment plants to force compliance with the Clean Water Act.[33] In 2010, a Pace lawsuit forced ExxonMobil to clean up tens of millions of gallons of oil from legacy refinery spills in Newtown Creek in Brooklyn, New York.[34]
On April 11, 2001, Men's Journal recognized Kennedy with its 'Heroes' Award for his creation of the Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic.[35] Kennedy and his Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic received other awards for successful legal work cleaning up the environment.[36] The Pace Clinic became a model for similar environmental law clinics throughout the country including Rutgers,[37] Golden Gate, UCLA,[38] Widener,[39] and Boalt Hall at Berkeley.[40]
Waterkeepers Alliance
In June 1999, as Riverkeeper's success on the Hudson began inspiring the creation of Waterkeepers across North America, Kennedy and a few dozen Riverkeepers gathered in Southampton, Long Island to found the Waterkeeper Alliance, which now serves as the umbrella group for the 344 licensed Waterkeeper programs[41] located in 44 countries.[42] As President of the Alliance, Kennedy oversees its legal, membership, policy and fundraising programs. The Alliance states that it is dedicated to promoting 'swimmable, fishable, drinkable waterways, worldwide,'[43] and also serves as a clearinghouse, approving new Keeper programs and licensing use of the trademarked 'Waterkeeper,' 'Riverkeeper,' 'Soundkeeper,' 'Lakekeeper,' 'Baykeeper,' 'Bayoukeeper,' 'Canalkeeper,' 'Coastkeeper,' etc. names.[44]
Kennedy and his environmental work have been the focus of several films including The Hudson Riverkeepers(1998)[45] and The Waterkeepers (2000),[46] both directed by Les Guthman. In 2008, he appeared in the IMAX documentary film Grand Canyon Adventure: River at Risk (2008), riding the length of the Grand Canyon in a wooden dory with his daughter Kick and with anthropologist Wade Davis.[47]
New York City Watershed Agreement
Beginning in 1991, Kennedy represented environmentalists and New York City watershed consumers in a series of lawsuits against New York City, New York State, and upstate watershed polluters. Kennedy authored a series of articles and reports[48][49][50][51] alleging that New York State was abdicating its responsibility to protect the water repository and supply. In 1996, he helped orchestrate the $1.2 billion New York City Watershed Agreement, which New York Magazine recognized in its cover story, 'The Kennedy Who Matters.'[52] This agreement, which Kennedy negotiated on behalf of environmentalists and New York City watershed consumers, is regarded as an international model in stakeholder consensus negotiations and sustainable development.[53]
Kennedy & Kevin Madonna
Kennedy in 2000
In 2000, Kennedy and environmental lawyer Kevin Madonna founded the environmental law firm, Kennedy & Madonna, LLP, to represent private plaintiffs against polluters.[54] The firm litigates environmental contamination cases on behalf of individuals, non-profit organizations, school districts, public water suppliers, Indian tribes, municipalities and states. In 2001, Kennedy & Madonna organized a team of prestigious plaintiff law firms to challenge pollution from industrial pork and poultry production.[55] In 2004, the firm was part of a legal team that secured a $70 million settlement for property owners in Pensacola, Florida whose properties were contaminated by chemicals from an adjacent Superfund site.[56]
Kennedy & Madonna is profiled in the HBO documentary Mann v. Ford[57] that chronicles four years of litigation brought by the firm on behalf of the Ramapough Mountain Indian Tribe against the Ford Motor Company over the dumping of toxic waste on tribal lands in northern New Jersey.[58] In addition to a monetary settlement for the tribe, the lawsuit contributed to the community's land being re-listed on the federal Superfund list, the first time in the nation's history that a de-listed site was re-listed.[59] In 2007 Kennedy was one of three finalists nominated as 'Trial Lawyer of the Year' by Public Justice for his role in the $396 million jury verdict against DuPont for contamination from its Spelter, West Virginia zinc plant.[60] In 2017, the firm was part of the trial team that secured a $670 million settlement on behalf of over 3,000 residents from Ohio and West Virginia whose drinking water was contaminated with the toxic chemical, C8, which was released into the environment by DuPont in Parkersburg, West Virginia.[61]
In 2016, Kennedy became counsel to the Morgan & Morgan PA|Morgan & Morgan P.A. law firm.[62] The partnership arose from the two firms' successful collaboration on the case against SoCalGas Company following the Aliso Canyon gas leak in California.[63] In 2017, Kennedy and his partners sued Monsanto in federal court in San Francisco, on behalf of plaintiffs seeking to recover damages for non-Hodgkins lymphoma, that, the plaintiffs allege, were a result of exposure to Monsanto's glyphosate-based herbicide, Roundup. Kennedy and his team also filed a class action lawsuit against Monsanto for failing to warn consumers about the dangers allegedly posed by exposure to Roundup.[64] In September 2018, Kennedy and his partners filed a class-action lawsuit against Columbia Gas of Massachusetts alleging negligence following gas explosions in three towns north of Boston. Of Columbia Gas, Kennedy said “as they build new miles of pipe, the same company is ignoring its existing infrastructure, which we now know is eroding and is dilapidated.”[65]
Cleantech and renewable energy infrastructure entrepreneurship
In 1998, Kennedy, Chris Bartle and John Hoving created a bottled-water company, Keeper Springs, which donated all of its profits to Waterkeeper Alliance.[66] In 2013, Kennedy and his partner sold the brand to Nestlé in exchange for a donation to local Waterkeepers.[67]
Kennedy served as a venture partner and senior advisor at VantagePoint Capital Partners, one of the world's largest cleantech venture capital firms. Among other activities, VantagePoint was the original and largest pre-IPO institutional investor in Tesla. VantagePoint also backed BrightSource Energy and Solazyme, amongst others. Kennedy serves as a board member and counselor to several of Vantage Point's portfolio companies in the water and energy space, including Ostara, a Vancouver-based company that markets the technology to remove phosphorus and other excessive nutrients from wastewater, transforming otherwise pollution directly into high grade fertilizer.[68] He is also a senior advisor to Starwood Energy Group, and has played a key role in a number of the firm's investments.[69]
He serves on the board of Vionx, a Massachusetts-based utility scale vanadium flow battery systems manufacturer. On October 5, 2017, Vionx, National Grid and the US Department of Energy completed the installation of advanced flow batteries at Holy Name High School in the town of Woburn, Massachusetts. The collaboration also includes Siemens and the United Technologies Research Center and constitutes one of the largest energy storage facilities in Massachusetts.[70]
Kennedy is a Partner in ColorZen, which offers a turnkey cotton fiber pre-treatment solution that reduces water usage and toxic discharges in the cotton dying process.[71]
Kennedy was a co-owner and Director of the smart grid company Utility Integration Solutions (UISol),[72] which was acquired by Alstom. He is presently a co-owner and Director of GridBright, the market leading grid management specialist.[73]
In October 2011, Kennedy co-founded EcoWatch, a leading environmental news site. He resigned from the board of directors in January 2018.[74]
Minority and poor communities
In his first case as an environmental attorney, Kennedy represented the NAACP in a lawsuit against a proposal to build a garbage transfer station in a minority neighborhood in Ossining, New York.[75]
In 1987, he successfully sued Westchester County, New York, to reopen the Croton Point park, which was heavily used primarily by poor and minority communities from the Bronx.[76] He then forced the reopening of the Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, which New York City had closed to the public and converted to a police firing range.[16] Kennedy also led a battle to stop a plan to sell Washington D.C.'s Kingman Island—one of the rare National Parks in a minority neighborhood—to a private developer. In 2004, Kennedy and Riverkeeper successfully sued Exxon to clean up a large oil spill on Newton Creek in Greenpoint, Brooklyn.[77]
Kennedy has argued that poor communities shoulder the disproportionate burden of environmental insults.[78] Speaking at SXSW Eco environmental conference in Austin in 2016, he said, 'Polluters always choose the soft target of poverty,' noting as an example the highest concentration of toxic waste dumps in America resides in the south side of Chicago,[79] and adding, 'Four out of five uncontrolled toxic waste dumps are in black neighborhoods. The largest toxic waste dump in America is in Emelle, Alabama which is 90% black.'[80]
International and indigenous rights
Beginning in 1985, Kennedy helped develop NRDC's international program for environmental, energy, and human rights. He worked on environmental issues across the Americas, and traveled regularly to Canada and Latin American to assist Indigenous tribes to protect their traditional homelands and to oppose large-scale energy and extractive projects in remote wilderness areas.[81]
In 1990, Kennedy assisted the Pehuenche Indians in Chile in a partially successful campaign to stop the construction of a series of dams on Chile's iconic Biobío River. That campaign derailed all but one of the proposed dams.[82] Beginning in 1992, he assisted the Cree Indians of northern Quebec in their campaign against Hydro-Québec to halt construction of some 600 proposed dams on eleven rivers in James Bay.[83]
In 1993, Kennedy and NRDC, working with the indigenous rights organization Cultural Survival, clashed with other American environmental groups in a dispute about the rights of Indians to govern their own lands in the Oriente region of Ecuador.[84] Kennedy represented the CONFENIAE, a confederation of Indian peoples, in negotiation with the American oil company Conoco to limit oil development in Ecuadorian Amazon and, at the same time, obtain benefits from resource extraction for Amazonian tribes.[84] Kennedy was a vocal critic of Texaco for its previous record for polluting the Ecuadoran Amazon.[85]
From 1993 to 1999, Kennedy worked with five Vancouver Island Indian tribes in their campaign to end industrial logging by MacMillan Bloedel in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia.[86]
In 1996, Kennedy met with Cuban President Fidel Castro to persuade the leader to halt his plans to construct a nuclear power plant at Juraguá.[87] During a lengthy late night encounter, Castro reminisced about Kennedy's father and uncle, speculating that U.S. relations with Cuba would have been far better had President Kennedy not been assassinated.[88]
Between 1996 and 2000, Kennedy and NRDC helped Mexican commercial fishermen to halt Mitsubishi's proposal to build a salt facility in the Laguna San Ignacio, a gray whale breeding, calving and nursery area in Baja, Mexico.[89] Kennedy wrote extensively against the project, and took the campaign to Japan, meeting with the Japanese Prime Minister, Keizo Obuchi.[90]
In 2000, he assisted local environmental activists to stop proposals by South Carolinian real estate developer Chaffin/Light and the U.S. engineering giant, Bechtel, from building a large hotel and resort development that, Kennedy argued, threatened coral reefs and public beaches used extensively by local Bahamians, at Clifton Bay, New Providence Island, Bahamas.[91] Following this, the new Bahamian government designated the area a Heritage Park.[citation needed]
Kennedy was one of the early editors of Indian Country Today, North America's largest Native American newspaper.[92] He helped lead the opposition to the damming of the Futaleufú River in the Patagonia region of Chile.[93] In 2016, citing the pressure precipitated by the Futaleufú Riverkeeper's campaign against the dams, the Spanish power company, Endesa, which owned the right to dam the river, reversed its decision and relinquished all claims to the Futaleufú.[94]
Military and Vieques
Kennedy has been a critic of environmental damage by the US military.[95][96] In 1993, he successfully represented the Suquamish and Duwamish Indian tribes in a lawsuit against the U.S. Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Washington, to stop polluting Puget Sound.[97]
In an October 2001 Outside article titled 'Why Are We In Vieques?' Kennedy described how he sued the United States Navy on behalf of fishermen and residents of the Island of Vieques, an island off Puerto Rico, to stop weapons testing, bombing, and the continuation of other military exercises on the Island. Kennedy argued that those activities were unnecessary for military preparedness, and that the Navy had illegally destroyed several endangered species, polluted the Island's waters, injured the health of Island residents and damaged the Island's economy.[98] He was arrested for trespassing at Camp Garcia Vieques, the United States Navy training facility, where he and others were protesting the use of a section of the island for training. Kennedy served 30 days in a maximum security prison in Puerto Rico.[99] The trespassing incident forced the suspension of live-fire exercises for almost three hours.[100] The lawsuits and protests by Kennedy, and hundreds of Puerto Ricans who were also imprisoned, eventually forced the termination of naval bombing in Vieques announced by president George Bush in 2001, and enacted in 2003.[101]
In a 2003 article for the Chicago Tribune, Kennedy wrote, 'The federal government is America's biggest polluter and the Department of Defense is the government's worst offender. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, unexploded ordnance waste can be found on 16,000 military ranges across the U.S. and more than half may contain biological or chemical weapons. In total, the Pentagon is responsible for more than 21,000 potentially contaminated sites and, according to the EPA, the military may have poisoned as much as 40 million acres, a little larger than Florida.'[102]
Factory farms
For almost twenty years, Kennedy and his Waterkeepers waged a legal and public relations battle against pollution by factory farms.[103] In the 1990s, he rallied opposition to factory farms among small independent farmers, convened a series of 'National Summits' on factory meat products, and conducted press conference whistle stop tours across North Carolina, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Ohio and in Washington DC.[104]Beginning in 2000, Kennedy sued factory farms in North Carolina, Oklahoma, Maryland, and Iowa.[105] He wrote numerous articles on the subject, arguing that factory farms produce lower quality, less healthy food, and are harmful to independent family farmers by poisoning their air and water, reducing their property values, and using extensive state and federal subsidies to impose unfair competition against smaller farmers.[106][107]
In 1995, Premier Ralph Klein of Alberta declared Kennedy persona non grata in the province due to Kennedy's activism against Alberta's large-scale hog production facilities.[108] In 2002, Smithfield Foods filed a lawsuit against Kennedy in Poland, under a Polish law that makes criticizing a corporation illegal, after Kennedy denounced the company in a debate with Smithfield's Polish director before the Polish parliament.[109]
Oil, gas, and pipelines
Kennedy has been an advocate for a global transition away from fossil fuels toward renewable energy.[110][111] He has been particularly critical of the oil industry. He began his career at Riverkeeper during the time that the organization discovered that Exxon was using its oil tankers in order to steal fresh water from the Hudson River for use in its Aruba refinery and to sell to Caribbean Islands. Riverkeeper won a $2 million settlement against Exxon and lobbied successfully for a state law outlawing the practice.[112] In one of his first environmental cases, Kennedy filed a lawsuit against Mobil Oil for polluting the Hudson.[113]
Kennedy helped lead the battle against fracking in New York State.[114] He had been an early supporter of natural gas as viable bridge fuel to renewables, and a cleaner alternative to coal.[115] However, he said he turned against this controversial extraction method after investigating its cost to public health; climate and road infrastructure.[116] As a member of Governor Andrew Cuomo's fracking commission, Kennedy helped engineer the Governor's 2013 ban on fracking in New York State.[117][118]
Kennedy mounted a national effort against the construction of liquefied natural gas facilities.[119] Waterkeepers maintains a national watch that documents numerous crude oil spills annually. In Alaska, Kennedy was active in the fight to save the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), the largest undisturbed ecosystem in North America, from drilling.[120]
In 2013, Kennedy assisted the Chipewyan First Nation and the Beaver Lake Cree fighting to protect their land from tar sands production.[121] In February 2013, while protesting the Keystone XL Pipeline Kennedy, along with his son, Conor, was arrested for blocking a thoroughfare in front of the White House during a protest.[122] In August 2016, Kennedy and Waterkeeper participated in protests to block the extension of the Dakota Access pipeline across the Sioux Indian Standing Rock Reservation's water supply.[123]
Kennedy claims that the only reason the oil industry is able to remain competitive against renewables and electric cars is through massive direct and indirect subsidies and political interventions on behalf of the oil industry. In a June 2017 interview on EnviroNews, Kennedy said about the oil industry, 'That's what their strategy is: build as many miles of pipeline as possible. And what the industry is trying to do is to increase that level of infrastructure investment so our country won't be able to walk away from it.[124]
Coal
Under Kennedy's leadership, Waterkeeper launched its 'Clean Coal is a Deadly Lie'[125] campaign in 2001, bringing dozens of lawsuits targeting mining practices, which include mountaintop removal,[126][127]slurry pond construction, and targeting mercury emissions and coal ash piles by coal burning utilities.[128] Kennedy's Waterkeeper alliance has also been leading the fight against coal export, including from terminals in the Pacific Northwest.[129][130]
Kennedy has promoted replacing coal energy with renewable energy, which, he argues, would thereby reduce costs and greenhouse gases while improving air and water quality, the health of the citizens, and the number and quality of jobs.[131]In June 2011, film producer Bill Haney televised his award-winning film, The Last Mountain, co-written by Haney and Peter Rhodes, depicting Kennedy's fight to stop Appalachian mountain top removal mining.[132]
Nuclear power
Kennedy has been an opponent of conventional nuclear power, arguing that it is unsafe and not economically competitive.[133][134] On June 15, 1981, he made international news when he spoke at an anti-nuclear rally at the Hollywood Bowl, with Stephen Stills, Bonnie Raitt and Jackson Browne.[135]
His thirty-year battle to close Indian Point nuclear power plant in New York ended in victory in January 2017, when Kennedy signed onto an agreement with New York State Governor, Andrew Cuomo, and Entergy, the plant's operator, to close the plant by 2021.[136][137] Kennedy was featured in a 2004 documentary, Indian Point: Imagining the Unimaginable, directed by his sister, documentary film maker, Rory Kennedy.[138]
Hydro
Kennedy has been an outspoken opponent of dams, particularly of dam projects that affect indigenous communities.
In 1991, Kennedy helped lead a campaign to block Hydro-Quebec from building the James Bay Hydro-project, a massive dam project in northern Quebec.[139] He was credited with mobilizing US political leaders and persuading New England lawmakers and New York officials, including New York Governor Mario Cuomo, to walk away from New York's multibillion-dollar contract with Hydro-Quebec. These actions helped to kill the project.[140][141]
His campaigns helped block dams on Chile's Bio Bio[142] and Futaleufu rivers in 1990 and 2016 respectively. In 2003, he mounted an ultimately unsuccessful battle against the building of a dam on the Macal River in Belize. Kennedy termed the Chalillo Dam 'a boondoggle,' and brought a high-profile legal challenge against a Canadian power company, Fortis Inc., the monopoly owner of Belize's electric utility.[143] That case ultimately lost in a split decision by the Privy Council in London, UK, the supreme court of British Commonwealth Nations.[143][144]
In 2004, Kennedy met with Provincial officials and brought foreign media and political visitors to Canada to protest the building of dams on Quebec's Magpie River.[145] Kennedy likened the damming of the Magpie for a mere 40 megawatts of power, 'to selling the Mona Lisa for $15 in a garage sale.'[146] On September 14, 2017, Hydro-Quebec announced that it will not build a hydroelectric dam on the Magpie River.[147]
In November 2017, the Spanish hydroelectric syndicate, Endesa, announced its decision to abandon HydroAysen, a massive project to construct dams on dozens of Patagonia's rivers accompanied by thousands of miles of roads, power lines and other infrastructure. Endesa returned its water rights to the Chilean government. The Chilean press credits advocacy by Kennedy and Riverkeeper as critical factors in the company's decision.[148]
Cape Wind
In 2005, Kennedy clashed with national environmental groups over his opposition to a wind farm off Cape Cod. Taking the side of Cape Cod's commercial fishing industry, Kennedy argued that the Cape Wind Project in Nantucket Sound was a costly boondoggle. This position angered some environmentalists, and brought Kennedy criticism by industry groups and Republicans[who?].[149][150]
Kennedy in 2017
Personal views
Political criticisms
Throughout the presidency of George W. Bush, Kennedy was a persistent critic of Bush's environmental and energy policies. He accused Bush of defunding and corrupting federal science projects.[151] Kennedy's February 2004 article in The Nation, 'The Junk Science of George W. Bush,' in which he wrote, 'The Bush Administration's first instinct when it comes to science has been to suppress, discredit or alter facts it doesn't like,' has been recognized by Project Censored among top censored stories in their 2005 compilation.[152]
Kennedy was also critical of Bush's hydrogen car proposal, which he characterized as a gift to the fossil fuel industry disguised as a green automobile.[153]
Kennedy wrote an article titled, 'Crimes Against Nature' about Bush's environmental record.[154] The article, which was featured in the November 24, 2003 issue of Rolling Stone, was subsequently expanded into Kennedy's New York Times best-selling book of the same name, published by HarperCollins.[155] Kennedy's opposition to the environmental policies of the Bush administration earned him recognition as one of Rolling Stone's '100 Agents of Change' on April 2, 2009.[156][157]
During an October 2012 telephone interview with Politico, Kennedy called on environmentalists to direct their dissatisfaction towards the U.S. Congress rather than President Barack Obama. Kennedy reasoned that Obama 'didn't deliver' due to having a partisan U.S. Congress 'like we haven't seen before in American history.'[158] He also accused politicians who failed to act on climate change policy as serving special interests and, selling out the public trust. He accused Charles and David Koch, the owners of Koch Industries, Inc., the nation's largest privately owned oil company, of subverting democracy and for 'making themselves billionaires by impoverishing the rest of us.'[159] Kennedy has spoken of the Koch Brothers as leading 'the apocalyptical forces of Ignorance and Greed.'[160]
During the 2014 People's Climate March, Kennedy said, 'American politics is driven by two forces: One is intensity, and the other is money. The Koch brothers have all the money. They're putting $300 million this year into their efforts to stop the climate bill. And the only thing we have in our power is people power, and that's why we need to put this demonstration on the street.'[161]
Food allergies
Kennedy was a founding board member of the Food Allergy Initiative. His son Conor suffers from anaphylaxis peanut allergies. Kennedy wrote the foreword to The Peanut Allergy Epidemic, in which he and the authors link increasing food allergies in children to certain vaccines that were approved beginning in 1989.[162]
Views on autism and vaccines
Kennedy is the chairman of Children's Health Defense (formerly the World Mercury Project), an advocacy group alleging that a large proportion of American children are suffering from conditions as diverse as autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, food allergies, cancer and autoimmune diseases, all allegedly caused by exposure to a variety of chemicals. In addition to vaccines, Children's Health Defense has been campaigning against fluoridation of drinking water, acetaminophen, aluminium, wireless communications, among others.[163][164][165][166]
In their early years, the group focused on the perceived issue of mercury, in industry and medicine, especially the ethylmercury compound thimerosal in vaccines, proposed by anti-vaccination advocates as a mechanism for the purported link between vaccines and autism. Research has shown no link between vaccines and autism, and the removal of thimerosal from virtually all childhood vaccines had no effect on autism incidence.[167] The scientific consensus is that vaccines do not cause autism.[168]
In June 2005, Kennedy authored an article in Rolling Stone and Salon.com titled Deadly Immunity alleging a government conspiracy to conceal a connection between thimerosal and the epidemic of childhood neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism.[169] The article contained five factual errors, leading Salon.com to issue corrections.[170] Six years later, on January 16, 2011, Salon retracted the article completely.[170] According to Salon, the retraction was motivated by accumulating evidence of errors and scientific fraud underlying the vaccine-autism claim.[171]Rolling Stone stands by Kennedy's story – as noted by Rolling Stone's editor: 'The link to this much-debated story by Robert F. Kennedy Jr. was inadvertently broken during our redesign in the spring of 2010. (We did not remove the story from the site, as some have incorrectly alleged, nor ever contemplated doing so.)'.[169]
In May 2013, Kennedy delivered the keynote address at the anti-vaccination[172] AutismOne / Generation Rescue conference.[173][174]
In 2014 Kennedy published a book, Thimerosal: Let the Science Speak: The Evidence Supporting the Immediate Removal of Mercury—a Known Neurotoxin—from Vaccines. While methylmercury is a potent neurotoxin, ethylmercury, as used in vaccine preservatives, is much safer.[citation needed] The preface to the book is written by Mark Hyman, a proponent of the alternative medical treatment called functional medicine.[175] Kennedy has published many articles on the inclusion of the mercury-based preservative thimerosal in vaccines, which have appeared in Huffington Post,[176]EcoWatch,[177][178]and The Boston Globe.[179]
In April 2015, Kennedy participated in a Speakers' Forum to promote the film, Trace Amounts, which promotes the refuted link between autism and mercury in vaccinations. At a screening of the film, Kennedy described the autism epidemic as a 'holocaust.'[180]
On January 10, 2017, incoming White House Press SecretarySean Spicer confirmed that Kennedy and President-electDonald Trump met to discuss a position in the Trump Administration. Kennedy accepted an offer made by Trump to become the chairman of the Vaccine Safety Task Force. A spokeswoman for Trump's transition said that no final decision had been made.[181] In an August 2017 interview with STAT News reporter Helen Branwell, Kennedy said that he had been meeting with the Federal public health regulators to discuss alleged defects in vaccine safety science, at the White House's request.[182]
On February 15, 2017, Kennedy and actor Robert De Niro gave a press conference at the National Press Club in Washington D.C., in which they accused the press of acting as propagandists for the $35 billion vaccination industry and refusing to allow debates on vaccination science. They offered a $100,000 reward to any journalist or other citizen who could point to a study showing that it is safe to inject mercury into babies and pregnant women at levels currently contained in flu vaccines. According to Professor Craig Foster, the challenge is 'not science. It is a carefully constructed 'contest' that allows its creators to generate the misleading outcome they presumably want to see'. The challenge is unwinnable, the judges are De Niro and Kennedy. The $50 fee to apply would go to the WMP, something that vaccine supporters are wary to do when they feel that the challenge itself is rigged towards the anti-vax stance. Finding a winner of the challenge would completely go against the aims of Kennedy, De Niro and WMP. If the applicant disputes the 'initial denial of a challenge submission' then a panel of independent scientists would be consulted, with the applicant paying half of the $400 per hour rate to evaluate the claim. The contest asks for one single study that shows the safety of thimerosal in vaccines, yet science does not allow for one study to determine anything as factual. Foster states that 'Proving that something is safe is importantly different than proving that something is harmful'. Foster claims that the challenge is nothing more than 'celebrity-generated pseudoscience' and the public should consider vaccines safe.[183]
On May 8, 2019, Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, Joseph P. Kennedy and Maeve Kennedy McKean publicly stated that while their relative Robert has championed many admirable causes, he 'has helped to spread dangerous misinformation over social media and is complicit in sowing distrust of the science behind vaccines.'[184]
Views on the murder of Martha Moxley
In January 2003, Kennedy wrote a controversial article in The Atlantic Monthly titled 'A Miscarriage of Justice' about the 1975 murder of Martha Moxley in Greenwich, Connecticut. In the article, Kennedy insists that Michael Skakel's indictment 'was triggered by an inflamed media, and that an innocent man is now in prison.' Skakel and Kennedy are first cousins, as Kennedy's mother and Skakel's father are siblings. Kennedy's article presents the argument that there is more evidence suggesting that Kenneth Littleton, the Skakel family's live-in tutor, killed Moxley. He also calls Dominick Dunne the 'driving force' behind Skakel's prosecution.[185] In July 2016, Kennedy released a book titled Framed: Why Michael Skakel Spent over a Decade in Prison for a Murder He Didn't Commit.[186] In September 2017, the rights to Kennedy's book were optioned by FX Productions to develop a multi-part television series.[187][188]
Views on JFK assassination and the Warren Commission
On the evening of January 11, 2013, Charlie Rose interviewed Robert Kennedy Jr. and his sister Rory at the Winspear Opera House in Dallas. This was part of Mayor Mike Rawlings' hand-chosen committee's year long program of celebrating the life and presidency of John F. Kennedy. Robert F. Kennedy Jr. said that he was convinced that Lee Harvey Oswald was not solely responsible for the assassination of his uncle, President John F. Kennedy; and said his father Robert Kennedy was 'fairly convinced' that others besides Oswald were involved in his brother's assassination and privately believed the Warren Commission report was a 'shoddy piece of craftsmanship.'[189][190] Kennedy was 9 years old when President Kennedy was assassinated and 14 years old when Robert Kennedy was assassinated.
Views on U.S. foreign policy
Kennedy has written extensively on foreign policy issues, beginning with a 1974 Atlantic Monthly article titled, 'Poor Chile,' discussing the overthrow of Chilean President, Salvador Allende.[191] Kennedy also wrote editorials against the execution of Pakistan President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.[192][193] In 1975, he published an article in The Wall Street Journal, criticizing the use of assassination as a foreign policy tool.[194] In 2005, he wrote an article for the Los Angeles Times decrying President Bush's use of torture as anti-American.[195] Senator Edward Kennedy entered the article into the Congressional Record.[196]
In an article titled 'Why the Arabs Don't Want Us in Syria,' published in Politico in February 2016, Kennedy referred to the 'bloody history that modern interventionists like George W. Bush, Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio miss when they recite their narcissistic trope that Mideast nationalists 'hate us for our freedoms.' For the most part they don't; instead they hate us for the way we betrayed those freedoms — our own ideals — within their borders.'[197] Kennedy blames the Syrian war on a pipeline dispute. He cites wiki-leaks documents alleging that the CIA led military and intelligence planners to foment a Sunni uprising against Syria's president, Bashar al-Assad, following his rejection of a proposed Qatar-Turkey pipeline through Syria in 2009, well before the Arab Spring.[198] In 2013, Kennedy wrote an article for Rolling Stone exploring President John F. Kennedy's difficult struggle with his own military and intelligence apparatus to keep America out of war and from becoming an imperial state.[199]
Political endorsements
Kennedy served on the National Staff and as a State Coordinator for Edward M. Kennedy for President from 1979 to 1980. Prior to that he had served on Senator Kennedy's 1970 and 1976 Massachusetts Senatorial Campaigns. He was a co-founder and a former board member of the New York League of Conservation Voters.[200][201]
Kennedy endorsed and campaigned extensively for Vice President Al Gore during the 2000 Presidential Campaign for Election. Kennedy openly opposed his friend Ralph Nader's Green party presidential campaign, predicting that Nader's effect could sink the Gore campaign and put George W. Bush into the White House. In the 2004 American presidential election, Kennedy endorsed John Kerry, noting his strong environmental record.[202]
In late 2007, Kennedy and his sisters Kerry and Kathleen announced that they would be endorsing Hillary Clinton in the Democratic Presidential Primary.[203] Following the Democratic Convention, Kennedy campaigned for Obama across the country.[204] After the election, he was named as a front-runner for Obama's EPA administrator.[205]
Kennedy has been critical of the integrity of the voting process. In June 2006 he published an analysis in Rolling Stone magazine purporting to show that GOP operatives stole the 2004 election for President George W Bush. Kennedy's conclusions were strongly attacked by Farhad Manjoo in a June 3, 2006 Salon.com article.[206] However, in a critical response to Monjoo's attack, historian Eric Zuesse argued that Kennedy's analysis had been correct.[207]
Kennedy has written frequent warnings about the ease of election hacking and the dangers of voter purges and voter ID laws. He wrote the introduction and a chapter in Billionaires and Ballot Bandits, a 2012 book on election hacking by investigative journalist Greg Palast.[208]
Kennedy at a taping of ETown during the 2008 Democratic National Convention
Political aspirations
Kennedy first considered running for political office in 2000, when New York Senator Moynihan announced he would not seek re-election to the U.S. Senate seat formerly held by Kennedy's father.[209] His father was elected to the same seat in 1964, and held it for 41 months, until his death in 1968.
In 2005, Kennedy considered running for New York Attorney General. The possibility of a matchup against his then brother-in-law Andrew Cuomo generated media interest. Kennedy again decided not to run, despite being considered the frontrunner if he were to run.[210]
On December 2, 2008, Kennedy announced that he did not wish to be appointed to the U.S. Senate by New York Governor David Paterson. He felt that it would take too much time away from his family.[211]
Media work
Kennedy co-hosts the Ring of Fire radio program alongside Mike Papantonio,[212] even though Kennedy suffers from spasmodic dysphonia, a disorder that makes speech difficult, and causes the voice to quaver.[213] The show provides progressive news and commentary.
Kennedy has written two books and several articles on environmental issues. His articles have appeared in publications such as The New York Times, The Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, The Wall Street Journal, Newsweek, Rolling Stone, Atlantic Monthly, Esquire, The Nation, Outside magazine, and The Village Voice.
Bibliography
Kennedy has authored or edited ten books on subjects ranging from the environment to science, biography and American heroes, including two bestsellers and three children's books.
Defining the Critical Path in Microsoft Project. The critical path is the longest path through the network, based on task duration, which defines the shortest amount of time in which the project can be completed. Tasks not on the critical path have slack, while tasks on the critical path have zero slack. Longest time critical path in microsoft project 2016. How to Use Critical Paths in Microsoft Project 2016. Now let me remove that critical filter and let’s look at the finish slack on all tasks. Now if you look at something like Select wedding dress that’s got 48 days of finish slack. So that could be 48 days late, bear in mind various other tasks follow on after that. When you display the project's critical path, Project 2007 shows only a single, overall critical path, which is the only critical path that controls the project's finish date. However, you can set up your plan so that you can also see an additional critical path for each independent network or each series of tasks.
- Russell, Dick; Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. (2017). Horsemen of the Apocalypse: The Men Who Are Destroying Life on Earth And What it Means for Our Children. New York: Scribner. p. 304. ISBN9781510721753.
- Kennedy, Robert F, Jr. (2016). Framed: Why Michael Skakel Spent Over a Decade in Prison For a Murder He Didn't Commit. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 240. ISBN9781510701779.
- Kennedy, Robert F, Jr., ed. (2014). Thimerosal: Let the Science Speak: The Evidence Supporting the Immediate Removal of Mercury–a Known Neurotoxin–from Vaccines. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 224. ISBN978-1632206015.
- Kennedy, Robert F, Jr. (2005). Crimes Against Nature: How George W. Bush and His Corporate Pals Are Plundering the Country and Highjacking Our Democracy. New York: HarperCollins. p. 256. ISBN978-0-06-074687-2.
- Cronin, John; Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. (1997). The Riverkeepers: Two Activists Fight to Reclaim Our Environment as a Basic Human Right. New York: Scribner. p. 304. ISBN978-0684839080.
- Kennedy, Robert F, Jr., ed. (1992). The Billings Collection. Boston: John F. Kennedy Library.
- Kennedy, Robert F, Jr. (1978). Judge Frank M. Johnson Jr.: A biography. Putnam. ISBN978-0-399-12123-4.
Children's books
- Kennedy, Robert F, Jr. (2008). Robert Smalls: The Boat Thief. New York: Hyperion. p. 48. ISBN978-1423108023.
- Kennedy, Robert F, Jr. (2007). Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s American Heroes: The Story of Joshua Chamberlain and the American Civil War. New York: Hyperion. p. 48. ISBN978-1-4231-0771-2.
- Kennedy, Robert F, Jr.; Dennis Nolan (Illustrator) (2004). St. Francis of Assisi: A Life of Joy. Hyperion. ISBN978-0-7868-1875-4.
Selected articles
Kennedy has penned numerous academic and general interest articles, as well as op-eds for magazines, journals, and newspapers. His writings have been included in anthologies of America's Best Crime Writing,[214] Best Political Writing,[215] and Best Science Writing.[216] Kennedy's writings have appeared in: The New York Times, The Washington Post, Time Magazine, the Los Angeles Times, The Boston Globe, The Houston Chronicle, Newsweek, Rolling Stone, The Atlantic Monthly, The New Yorker, Vanity Fair, Esquire, New York Daily News, The Atlantic Monthly, and Huffington Post, among others. His writings range over diverse topics including oil, coal, green energy, election integrity, politics, the media, falconry, foreign policy, and civil rights. Kennedy is also a frequently published travel writer.
- June 25, 2017 – 'Meet the horsemen of our environmental apocalypse'. Salon.com[217]
- Jan. 18, 2017 – 'CDC Knew its Vaccine Program Was Exposing Children to Dangerous Mercury Levels Since 1999'. Ecowatch[218]
- September 12, 2016 – '20 Year David and Goliath Fist Fight Saves Patagonia's Futaleufú'. EcoWatch[219]
- November 20, 2013 – 'John F. Kennedy's Vision of Peace'. Rolling Stone[220]
- June 14, 2013 – 'Make New York the solar hub for the East Coast'. Newsday [221]
- March 25, 2009 – 'Stopping Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining'. Washington Post[222]
- December 8, 2009 – 'The Next President's First Task (A Manifesto)'. Vanity Fair[223]
- June 28, 2007 – 'What Must Be Done'. Rolling Stone[224]
- May 2007 – 'Texas Chainsaw Management'. Vanity Fair[225]
- June 5, 2006 – 'Was the 2004 Election Stolen?'. Rolling Stone[226]
- June 3 - July 14, 2005 – 'Deadly Immunity'. Rolling Stone[227]
- February 13, 2005 – 'Kyoto Treaty Takes Off Without U.S.'. Chicago Tribune[228]
- March 8, 2004 – 'The Junk Science of George W. Bush'. The Nation[229]
- November 24, 2003 – 'Crimes Against Nature'. Rolling Stone[230]
- January/February 2003 – 'A Miscarriage of Justice'.[231]
- October 2001 – 'Why Are We In Vieques?'. Outside[232]
- February 8, 1996 – 'Don't Let Congress Gut The Clean Air Act'. Newsday
- April 21, 1994 – 'The Threat to New York's Watershed'. New York Post
- 1993 (with Steven P. Solow) – 'Environmental Litigation as Clinical Education: A Case Study'. University of Oregon Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation Volume 8
- August 26, 1992 – 'Driving Out Conoco Disservice to Rain Forests'. The Houston Chronicle
Personal life
General interests
Kennedy is a licensed master falconer, and has trained hawks since he was 11. He breeds hawks and falcons and is also licensed as a raptor propagator and a wildlife rehabilitator.[233] He holds permits for Federal Game Keeper, Bird Bander, and Scientific Collector. He was President of the New York State Falconry Association from 1988 to 1991. In 1987, while serving on Governor Mario Cuomo's New York State Falconry Advising Committee, Kennedy authored the examination to qualify apprentice falconers given by New York State. Later that year he wrote the New York State Apprentice Falconer's Manual, which was published by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, and continues in use today.[234]
Kennedy is also a whitewater kayaker. His father introduced him and his siblings to whitewater kayaking during early trips down the Green and Yampa Rivers in Utah and Colorado, the Columbia River, the Middle Fork Salmon in Idaho, and the Upper Hudson Gorge. From 1976 to 1981, Kennedy was a partner and guide at a white water company, 'Utopian,' based in West Forks, Maine. He organized and led several 'first-descent' white-water expeditions to Latin America including three to hitherto unexplored rivers: the Apurimac, Peru, in 1975; the Atrato, Colombia, in 1979; and the Caroni, Venezuela, in 1982.[235] He made an early descent of Great Whale River in Northern Quebec, in 1993,[236] and has made many trips to Patagonia, Chile to run the Biobío River, the Futaleufú and other whitewater rivers.
In 2015, he took two of his sons to the Yukon to visit Mount Kennedy and run the Alsek River, a whitewater river fed by the Alsek Glacier, which flows off Mt. Kennedy. Mt. Kennedy was the highest unclimbed peak in Canada, when the Canadian Government named it for the assassinated American president, in 1964.[237] Kennedy's father, Robert Kennedy, was the first to climb Mt. Kennedy in 1965.[238]
Marriages and children
Kennedy married Emily Ruth Black (b. 1957) on April 3, 1982.[239] They had two children: Robert Francis 'Bobby' Kennedy III (b. 1984) and Kathleen Rose Kennedy (b. 1988). The couple separated in 1992 and divorced in 1994.[240]
On April 15, 1994, Kennedy married Mary Kathleen Richardson (1959–2012) aboard a research vessel on the Hudson River.[241] They had four children: John Conor Richardson Kennedy (b. 1994), Kyra LeMoyne Kennedy (b. 1995), William Finbar 'Finn' Kennedy (b. 1997), and Aidan Caohman Vieques Kennedy (b. 2001). On May 12, 2010, Kennedy filed for divorce from Mary; three days later she was charged with drunken driving. On May 16, 2012, Mary was found dead in a building on the grounds of her Mount Kisco, New York, home. The Westchester County Medical Examiner ruled the death to be a suicide due to asphyxiation from hanging.[242]
Kennedy married his third wife, actress-director Cheryl Hines, on August 2, 2014, at the Kennedy compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts.[243]
Controversies
In 1983, at age 29, Kennedy was arrested in a Rapid City, South Dakota airport for heroin possession after a search of his carry-on bag uncovered the drug, following a near overdose in flight.[244] Kennedy entered a guilty plea to Presiding Judge Marshall P. Young, who sentenced him to two years' probation and 1,500 hours of community service.[245] Following his arrest, Kennedy entered a drug treatment center and left employment as a government prosecutor.[246]
In 1999, Kennedy hired William Wegner to work for Riverkeeper. He was a fishery scientist and falconer who had been sentenced to five years in prison; he served three years after pleading guilty to federal criminal charges for smuggling bird eggs from Australia.[247] In 2000, Robert Boyle, Riverkeeper's founder and former president, fired Wegner, citing his criminal conviction, but Kennedy re-hired Wegner, believing he should be given a second chance. A majority of the Riverkeeper Board supported Kennedy's decision, but seven members joined Boyle in resigning.[248]
In September 2013, The New York Post released excerpts from Kennedy's 2001 diary, in which Kennedy described multiple affairs,[249] and penned his opinions about public figures.[250] Kennedy said the paper had indeed printed his diary.[250]
Health
Kennedy suffers from spasmodic dysphonia, a disorder that makes speech difficult, and causes the voice to quaver.[213]
Selected awards and recognition
Over the course of his career, Kennedy has received numerous awards in his name and on behalf of organizations and causes that he has championed.
- 2018, The National Trial Lawyers, Mass Tort Trial Team of the Year - for “groundbreaking case of Dewayne “Lee” Johnson v. Monsanto Company”[20]
- 2017, Earth Justice Mountain Heroes[251]
- 2017, Foro La Region Award for 'La Proteccion de los Recrsos Naturales'[252]
- 2017, Moms Across America Healthy Communities Award
- 2014, Stroud Award of Freshwater Excellence[253]
- 2009, Rolling Stone '100 Agents of Change'[157]
- 2008, USC Dornsife Sustainability Champion Award[254]
- 2008, Theodre Gordon Flyfishers Conservation Award[255]
- 2007, Vanity Fair 'The Green Team'[256]
- 2005, William O. Douglas Award, on behalf of the Waterkeeper Alliance[257]
- 2004, Riverkeeper's Environmental Excellence Award
- 2004, Marshall P. Madison Award
- 2003, Professional Resource Award, NY State Council of Trout Unlimited[255]
- 2001, Distinguished Service Award presented at Pace Law School's 25th Anniversary [258]
- 2001, Men's Journal 'Heroes' Award[259]
- 2001, Louisiana Environmental Action Award
- 2000, 12th Annual Manhattan Award[260]
- 2000, Jacques Sartisky Peace Award[260]
- 2000, New York State Champion of the Environment[261]
- 1999, Time Magazine's 'Heroes of the Planet'[157]
- 1999, Aquarium Conservation Award
- 1998, William E. Ricker Resource Conservation Award[262]
- 1998, Water Watch Award – New York National Boat Show Awards, on behalf of the Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic
- 1997, EPA Environmental Quality Award[260]
- 1997, The Brave 40 Award from NYC Department of Environmental Conservation[260]
- 1997, Thomas Berry Environmental Award, presented to Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and the Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic[263]
- 1996, Great Steward of the Hudson Valley - Storm King Award for New York City Watershed Agreement
- 1995, Green Star Award presented by the Environmental Action Coalition[263]
- 1991, Eleanor Roosevelt Val-Kill Award[264]
See also
References
- ^Zukowski, Dan (June 20, 2017). 'RFK Jr.: '[Waterkeeper is] filing barrages of suits to stop the dismantling of the Clean Water Act'. EnviroNews. https://www.environews.tv/062017-rfk-jr-waterkeeper-filing-barrages-suits-stop-dismantling-clean-water-act/
- ^ClimateOne.org. (2017). https://climateone.org/people/robert-f-kennedy-jr
- ^Agee, J'nelle (March 18, 2017) 'Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. Resigns From Riverkeeper'. Spectrum News http://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/hudson-valley/news/2017/03/17/robert-kennedy-jr-resigns-from-riverkeeper
- ^Smith, Steve (April 29, 2015). 'RFK Jr. to address College of Law graduates'. Nebraska Today. http://news.unl.edu/newsrooms/today/article/rfk-jr-to-address-college-of-law-graduates/
- ^'Faculty - Pace Law School'. law.pace.edu.
- ^Slansky, Dov (September 19, 2017). 'Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. and Kevin J. Madonna Join Morgan & Morgan'. PRWEB. http://www.prweb.com/releases/2016/04/prweb13306598.html
- ^Shapiro, Joseph (April 5, 2007). 'Eunice Kennedy Shriver's Olympic Legacy'. NPR. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9136962
- ^Tuohy, William (November 26, 1995). 'Los Angeles Times Interview : Jean Kennedy Smith : This Kennedy Returned to Ireland'. Los Angeles Times.
- ^ abKennedy Jr., Robert F. (2018). American Values: Lessons I Learned from My Family. HarperLuxe. pp. 3–8. ISBN978-0062845917.Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
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- ^Special to The New York Times (June 7, 1970) 'Robert Kennedy's Words Sung In Mass Marking Assassination'. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/07/archives/robert-kennedys-words-sung-in-mass-marking-assassination.html?mcubz=3
- ^'Robert Kennedy, 17, Fined for Loitering; Pleads No Contest'. August 24, 1971. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/24/archives/robert-kennedy-17-fined-for-loitering-pleads-no-contest.html?mcubz=3
- ^'Inside Ethel Kennedy's cruel neglect of her troubled kids'. September 13, 2015.
- ^The Backbone Cabinet – A Progressive Cabinet RosterArchived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, backbonecampaign.org
- ^ abcCronin, John; Kennedy Jr., Robert F. (1997). The Riverkeepers: Two Activists Fight to Reclaim Our Environment as a Basic Human Right. New York: Scribner. p. 304. ISBN0684839083.
- ^Dunlap, David W. and Perlez, Jane (June 4, 1985). 'NEW YORK DAY BY DAY; A Quiet Victory For Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/04/nyregion/new-york-day-by-day-a-quiet-victory-for-robert-f-kennedy-jr.html?mcubz=3
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- ^777 F. Supp. 173 (1981) Connecticut Coastal Fisherman's Association v. Remington Arms Company, Inc. and E.I. Dupont DeNemours and Company. Civ. No. B-87-250 (EBB). United States District Court, D. Connecticut. September 11, 1991. Justia US Law.
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- ^Brown, Kim (July 8, 2004). 'ExxonMobil Sued Over 55-Acre Oil Spill In Newtown Creek'. Queens Chronicle.
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- ^Wilke, Chris (March 19, 2012) 'The Clean Water Act – A Story of Activism and Change'. Read the Dirt.
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- ^http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/about/cpc/990237.pdf
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- ^'Farmers Worried by Suits Targeting Hog Producers'. January 7, 2001. Des Moines Register. P.9.
- ^'ConocoPhillips agrees to $70M settlement for former Fla. facility'. April 7, 2004 EENews.net.
- ^'Mann V. Ford (2010). IMDb.
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- ^'DuPont Fined $196.2M In Class-Action Suit'. October 19, 2007. CBSNews.com.
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- ^'Mass. Families file class action days after gas explosions'.
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- ^'Nestle Waters Announces Partnership with Waterkeeper Alliance'. May 22, 2014. Nestle Waters.
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- ^Wesoff, Eric (October 07, 2015) 'Flow Battery Funding: Vionx Teams With Siemens, UTC, 3M, Starwood and Jabil'. GTM.
- ^'Vionx, National Grid, and US Department of Energy Complete Installation of one of the World's Most Advanced Flow Batteries at Holy Name High School, Worcester, MA'. www.businesswire.com. October 5, 2017.
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- ^Melvin, Tessa (April 7, 1991) 'Expanded Recycling Site Upsets an Ossining Neighborhood'. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/07/nyregion/expanded-recycling-site-upsets-an-ossining-neighborhood.html?pagewanted=all
- ^Reed, Susan (July 2, 1990). 'Polluters, Beware! Riverkeeper John Cronin Patrols the Hudson and Pursues Those Who Foul Its Waters'. People. http://people.com/archive/polluters-beware-riverkeeper-john-cronin-patrols-the-hudson-and-pursues-those-who-foul-its-waters-vol-33-no-26/
- ^Confessore, Nicholas (November 1, 2005). 'An Old Oil Spill Divides a Brooklyn Neighborhood'. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/01/nyregion/an-old-oil-spill-divides-a-brooklyn-neighborhood.html?_r=0
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- ^Brancaccio, David (January 21, 2005). 'Science and Health: Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.'. PBS NOW. http://www.pbs.org/now/science/kennedy.html
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- ^ abKane, Joe (September 27, 1993). 'With Spears from All Sides'. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1993/09/27/with-spears-from-all-sides
- ^Kennedy Jr., Robert F. (1991). Foreword for Amazon Crude by Judith Kimerling. Published by Natural Resource Defense Council. February 19, 1991. p.131. ISBN0960935851.
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- ^Rohter, Larry (February 19, 1996). 'Kennedy-Castro Encounter Touched by History'. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/19/world/kennedy-castro-encounter-touched-by-history.html?mcubz=3
- ^Rohter, Larry (February 25, 1996). 'February 18–24; Meeting Across an Old Breach'. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/25/weekinreview/february-18-24-meeting-across-an-old-breach.html?sec=&spon=&mcubz=3
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- ^Schaffer, Grayson (August 30, 2016). 'Chile's Best Whitewater Rivers Won't Be Damned – For Now'. Outside. https://www.outsideonline.com/2110076/chiles-best-whitewater-rivers-wont-be-dammed-now
- ^Kennedy Jr., Robert F. (September 12, 2016). '20 Year David and Goliath Fist Fight Saves Patagonia's Futaleufú'. EcoWatch. https://www.ecowatch.com/futaleufu-whitewater-rafting-2002171427.html
- ^Zukowski, Dan (June 22, 2017). 'An Act of War': RFK Jr. Puts U.S. Military and CAFOs on Blast for Trashing America's Waterways'. EnviroNews. https://www.environews.tv/062217-act-war-rfk-jr-puts-u-s-military-cafos-blast-trashing-americas-waterways/
- ^Kennedy Jr., Robert F. (May 16, 2003). 'Defending our Environment and Health from the U.S. Military'. Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-05-16/news/0305160280_1_superfund-sites-epa-report-pentagon
- ^Le, Phuong (June 14, 2017). 'Squamish Tribe, environmental groups sue Navy over hull cleaning'. Kitsap Sun. http://www.kitsapsun.com/story/news/local/2017/06/14/suquamish-tribe-environmental-groups-sue-navy-over-hull-cleaning/397994001/
- ^Kennedy Jr., Robert F. (October, 2001). 'Why Are We In Vieques?'. Outside https://www.outsideonline.com/1819831/why-are-we-vieques
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- ^'US Navy resumes Vieques war games'. August 2, 2001. BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1470871.stm
- ^Hernandez, Raymond (June 15, 2001). 'Both Sides Attack Bush Plan To Halt Bombing on Vieques'. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/15/us/both-sides-attack-bush-plan-to-halt-bombing-on-vieques.html?mcubz=3
- ^Kennedy Jr., Robert F., (May 16, 2003). 'Defending our environment and health from the U.S. military'. Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-05-16/news/0305160280_1_superfund-sites-epa-report-pentagon
- ^Waterkeeper Alliance (April 11, 2017). 'Court Orders EPA to Close Loophole, Factory Farms Required to Report Toxic Pollution'. Ecowatch.
- ^Hahn Niman, Nicolette (February 17, 2009). Righteous Porkchop: Finding a Life and Good Food beyond Factory Farms. Published by William Morrow. p.336 ISBN0061466492.
- ^Hahn, Nicolette G., et al., Waterkeeper Alliance (November 21, 2000) Notice of Intent to Sue for Violations of the Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery act, and Clean Air act; Letter to Samuel Hill et al., Brown's of Carolina, Inc.
- ^Kennedy Jr., Robert F. (April 26, 1999). 'I Don't Like Green Eggs and Ham!'. Newsweek.
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- ^Rogers, Shelagh, host, and Carty, Bob, reporter (Feb 12, 2001). 'Robert F. Kennedy Jr. warns Canada about Pollution from Pork Industry'. This Morning: CBC Digital Archives.
- ^Kennedy Jr., Robert F. (2009) Foreword (p. xiii) for Righteous Porkchop: Finding a Life and Good Food beyond Factory Farms. by Nicolette Hahn Niman. Published by William Morrow. February 17, 2009. p.336. ISBN0061466492.
- ^Ruf, Cory (May 25, 2013). 'Robert Kennedy Jr. on his crusade for a 'green' economy'. CBC News.
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- ^AP (March 02, 2013). 'New York fracking held as Gov. Andrew Cuomo, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. talk health, AP sources say'. Syracuse.com.
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- ^Staff writer (May 19, 2015). 'Rally Against Pipelines'. Salem Weekly.
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- ^Spear, Stefanie (February 13, 2013). 'Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Bill McKibben, Michael Brune, Among Others Will Risk Arrest Today at White House to Stop Tar Sands, Keystone XL Pipeline'. Ecowatch.
- ^Manning, Sarah Sunshine (November 16, 2016). 'Robert F. Kennedy Jr. Visits Standing Rock on #NoDAPL Day of Action'. Indian Country Today.
- ^Zukowski, Dan (June 26, 2017). 'Robert F. Kennedy Jr. Talks Tesla, Electric Big Rigs and the Impending Death of Fossil Fuels'. EnivroNews.
- ^Baxter, Brandon (June 3, 2014). 'Robert F. Kennedy Jr. Praises Obama's Carbon Rules, Blasts Koch Brothers on 'The Ed Show'. Ecowatch.
- ^Jervey, Ben (Julay 1, 2009). 'Mountop Removal Must End'. Good.
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- ^'Bobby Kennedy, Jr. Speaks on Coal Ash at Mt. Island Lake'. July 25, 2013. Clean Air Carolina.
- ^Vanden Heuvel, Brett (Winter, 2013). 'Coal-Export Fight Heats Up' Waterkeeper Magazine.
- ^Yaggi, Marc, Waterkeeper Alliance (Winter 2013). 'Around the World a Coalition Against Coal: Waterkeepers from Idaho to India Unite to Stop the Deadly International Coal Trade'. Waterkeeper Magazine
- ^Staff writer (2015). 'At Pennsylvania Coal Mine, Feds Come to Rescue after State Fails'. Waterkeeper Magazine Vol. 11. Issue 1.
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- ^Brooks, Jon (June 22, 2011). 'Interview: Robert F. Kennedy Jr. on 'Uninsurable' Nuke Energy Industry, BrightSource Solar Project'. KQED.
- ^Paul Chin photograph. (June 15, 1981). Caption reads, 'Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. speaks out against nuclear power'. Archivegrid, Los Angeles Public Library.
- ^Admin (April 4, 2017). 'Nuclear Ticking Time Bomb 28 Miles From NYC – America's Lawyer'. Indian Point Safe Energy Coalition.
- ^'Entergy to Close Indian Point Nuclear Plant in Landmark Agreement'. January 9, 2017. Scenic Hudson.
- ^Indian Point: Imagining the Unimaginable. (TV movie 2004). IMDb.
- ^Truehart, Charles (April 7, 1994). 'Quebec Power Company Finds Its High-Voltage Plans Short-Circuited'. Washington Post.
- ^Cardinale, Anthony and Vogel, Michael et al. (October 5, 1991). 'Massive Quebec Power Project Reshapes Earth, Stirs Ecology Fears'. The Buffalo News.
- ^Simm, Ray (February 24, 2014). Hants Hills to Arctic Tundra Published by lulu.com. p. 688. ISBN1304865886.
- ^Bowermaster, Jon (November 1992). 'Last Run Down the Bio Bio'. Town and Country.
- ^ abGuynup, Sharon (June 7, 2002). 'Belize Dam Fight Heats Up as Court Prepares to Rule'. National Geographic Today.
- ^Leaney, Stephen (April 11, 2003). 'British finding 'secret war' in green laws by Kennedy'. International Press Service.
- ^'Robert F. Kennedy Jr. on the river along with numerous leaders of conservation organizations'. August 02, 2004. Canadian Parks And Wilderness Society – Quebec Chapter.
- ^Sundeen, Mark (May 2005). 'Viva la Magpie'. National Geographic Adventure.
- ^Goujard, Clothilde (September 14, 2017). 'Hydro-Quebec abandons dam project on majestic Magpie River'. National Observer.
- ^Martinez, Rodrigo (November 19, 2017). 'Robert Kennedy Jr por Hidroaysén: 'Los beneficios económicos eran para unos pocos millonarios'. La Tercera. http://www.latercera.com/noticia/robert-kennedy-jr-los-beneficios-economicos-unos-millonarios/
- ^'The Radio Equalizer: Brian Maloney: RFK Jr Tirade, Air America, John Stossel, Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity'.
- ^Little, Amanda (Jan 13, 2006). 'RFK Jr. and other prominent environs face off over Cape Cod wind farm'. grist.org.
- ^Griscom, Amanda (October/November 2004). 'Environmental Justice'. Mother Earth News.
- ^Phillips, Peter and Huff, Mickey (June 9, 2010). Analysis of Project Censored: Are We A Left-Leaning, Conspiracy-Oriented Organization?'. ProjectCensored.org.
- ^Kennedy Jr., Robert F. (February 16, 2003). 'A Bad Element'. The New York Times.
- ^Kennedy Jr., Robert F. (November 24, 2003). 'Crimes Against Nature'. Rolling Stone.
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- ^'News'. Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
- ^ abc'Robert F. Kennedy Jr. advocates for green power'. mercurynews.com. October 14, 2010. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
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- ^Goodman, Amy (September 22, 2014). 'Robert F. Kennedy Jr.: 'The Only Thing We Have in Our Power is People Power'. Democracy Now.
- ^Kennedy Jr., Robert F. (June 6, 2017). Foreword for The Peanut Allergy Epidemic: What's Causing It And How To Stop It. Third Edition. by Heather Fraser, New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN1510726314.
- ^'The Children's Health Defense Team: Fluoridation Must End'. PRNewswire. January 10, 2019. Archived from the original on March 3, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
- ^'Known culprits'. Children's Health Defence. Archived from the original on March 3, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
- ^'U.S. Water Fluoridation: A Forced Experiment that Needs to End'. Children's Health Defense. January 9, 2019. Archived from the original on March 3, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
- ^'Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. Announces The Launch of Children's Health Defense'. PRNewswire. September 12, 2018. Archived from the original on March 3, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
- ^Baker, Jeffrey P. (February 2008). 'Mercury, Vaccines, and Autism'. American Journal of Public Health. 98 (2): 244–253. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113159. ISSN0090-0036. PMC2376879. PMID18172138.
- ^Doja, A.; Roberts, W. (November 2006). 'Immunizations and autism: a review of the literature'. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 33 (4): 341–346. doi:10.1017/S031716710000528X.
- ^ abKennedy Jr., Robert F. (June 16, 2005). 'Deadly Immunity'. Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/deadly-immunity-20110209/
- ^ abLauerman, Kerry (January 16, 2011). 'Correcting our Record'. Salon. http://www.salon.com/2011/01/16/dangerous_immunity/
- ^Oransky, Ivan (January 16, 2011) 'Salon retracts 2005 Robert F. Kennedy Jr. piece on alleged autism-vaccine link'. Retraction Watch. http://retractionwatch.com/2011/01/16/salon-retracts-2005-robert-f-kennedy-jr-piece-on-alleged-autism-vaccine-link/
- ^'More media stupidity: Chicago Sun-Times runs propaganda piece for Jenny McCarthy's anti-vaccine conference'. The Panic Virus. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
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- ^Functional Medicine (CS31) - YouTube. YouTube. McGill Office for Science and Society. April 13, 2019. Event occurs at 6:18. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
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The Millets sales assistant could tell I had never been trekking before. All those hopelessly naive questions about thermal underwear, mosquito repellents, mountain walking sticks, waterproof wear, boots and rucksacks gave the game away. At home, I stuck everything into the rucksack (including the instructions on how to pack it properly), strapped and belted on the unwieldy shapeless result before walking towards Leeds station looking like John Bunyan's pilgrim. Halfway up some steps, I realised I had mistakenly packed, rather than pocketed, my senior rail card. I unstrapped my right arm, the rucksack swung rapidly to my left; I lost my balance, and fell back down the steps. How was I going to negotiate the Himalayas?
I thought back to the eagerness with which I had drunkenly agreed to spend a few days trekking on the Afghan border after an encounter with Jonny Bealby, owner of adventure company Wild Frontiers, at the Groucho Club. There was no turning back now.
Members of the Wild Frontiers team met my dawn flight at Islamabad airport. Jetlagged and saturated with perpetual intramuscular fixes from nicotine patches, I prepared myself for the 16-hour drive to the Afghan border. The first stop was Peshawar. I hadn't been there for more than 20 years but remembered where Salim, an old friend of mine, kept a gun shop, one of his many businesses. An older and more dignified Salim sat outside the shop, which hadn't changed in any way. We hugged. It took him less than a minute to embark on his favourite pastime, giving informed monologues about politics and spies. The Wild Frontiers team listened with undisguised interest.
'DH Marks, I heard you were in my country. There have been great changes since your last visit.' He stuck a small piece of hashish into my pocket. 'So, would you like to buy a gun?'
'No thanks, Salim. I'm not returning to Heathrow with one of those.'
'I can arrange delivery.' Salim was laughing, but I am still not sure if he was joking.
Next stop was Dir, a city not known for its excitement. At the Dir Hotel, Jonny was standing with a tour group comprising two men and 11 women.
'You never told me you were running a white slave racket, Jonny.'
'It's normal, Howard, we always get far more women than men.'
I filed that in a few memory cells.
'See the jeeps? Here comes Muftah. He's in charge of all five.'
Muftah, a magnificent looking northern tribesman, sidled up to the car, shook my hand and gave me those 'I know you smoke dope' eyes. I smiled, equally knowingly.
We set off in Muftah's jeeps, which soon stopped at a police checkpoint. I felt an odd mixture of nostalgia, déjà vu and nausea as the cops inspected us. Muftah started shouting. Suddenly, the cops commanded us to follow them. Another police truck joined the rear.
'Are we getting busted?'
'No, the exact opposite,' laughed Jonny. 'The Pakistani police are escorting us for our safety.'
'Do they escort all tourists coming here?'
'They use their discretion. With this many women, they would obviously say yes - for a variety of reasons.'
The convoy of Muftah's jeeps and police trucks scrambled up the weather-ravaged road to the Lowari pass, where the grass began to turn into ice. A one-roomed kitchen-cum-restaurant with a prayer mat and smoking area welcomed us at the summit and served us bhindi curry and tea, which hit the spot.
Then Muftah's jeeps swooped down through about 50 horseshoe and hairpin bends; bizarrely and beautifully painted trucks, moving like snails, crawled up in the opposite direction. The slopes were littered with the wrecks of ramshackle, overloaded and incompetently driven buses and trucks that had fallen off the road into ravines. I started to feel scared - or was it delayed altitude sickness, or was I just knackered? Or stoned? A few of the police escort in front were sitting on a bench in the back of their truck, their rifles pointing, albeit nonchalantly rather than deliberately, straight at us. I felt worse.
Hot shafts of blinding white light streaked into my eyes and woke me up. I could hear running water. I couldn't remember going to bed, but had woken up in a well-appointed wooden summerhouse. I opened the door and walked into a tastefully landscaped ornamental garden. In the distance, but so big it seemed to be right there, was the white mass of Tirich Mir (King of Darkness), so named because of the size of its shadows. At 7,700 metres, it is the governor of the Hindu Kush. I was looking at the largest density of mountains in the world, which hid valleys so isolated that until recently each was a separate kingdom. Memory kicked in. I had arrived here last night after a 16-hour drive.
I joined the group for breakfast and learnt that we were staying at the residence of Maqsood ul-Mulk, Prince of Ayun, a charming, intelligent host whose family have ruled Chitral for ages. He was taking us to the local school later in the morning.
After lunch, there were three options - a short trek in the Hindu Kush, a long trek in the Hindu Kush, or going to Chitral to watch a polo match. I did not find the choice difficult.
Muftah parked our jeep at Chitral's Mountain Inn, which had been open since 1968 when its guests were mainly hashish-hungry hippies on the Paradise Trail from Europe to Asia. I got out and walked through the town centre. Guide books warn of unseen eyes observing and weighted whispers winding their way to the police, Pakistani secret service, MI6, the CIA and the Taliban.
Symptoms of ferocious hostility, however, seemed to be confined to the Chitral polo ground, where tension, excitement and euphoria often far exceed the heights reached at Wembley. I took my place in the stand, leant on a handy metal pole and began taking photographs of the furious match. Within a minute, the metal pole emitted a deafening ring: one of the polo players had completely mishit the puck, which had struck the pole two inches from my face. The trek options would have been safer.
To help me recover from the shock, Muftah drove me to the Hindu Kush Heights hotel for a refreshing drink and stretch of the eyes. It's owned by Maqsood ul-Mulk's cousin, Prince Siraj ul-Mulk. Robert De Niro and Pakistan's President, General Pervez Musharraf, have stayed there. So did Winston (grandson of the PM) and Luce Churchill, who wrote in the visitors' book 10 years ago: '..so glad that the Churchills and ul-Mulks are no longer at war'.
The Afghan border was a few miles to the west, just the other side of my final destination, the valleys of the Kafir Kalash (the name translates as 'infidel wearers of black'), once part of an area known as Kafiristan, the setting for Kipling's The Man Who Would Be King. A century ago, all the Afghan Kafirs were forcibly converted to Islam (the alternative was execution) and their homeland became Nuristan (Country of the Enlightened), a province of Afghanistan.
Gentler attempts were made to convert Kafirs living in today's Pakistan, but their resistance has ensured the continuation of their own pagan religion, culture and habits. Despite its association with Islamic fundamentalists, Pakistan allows freedom of religion. There are churches, at least one synagogue, Hindu temples and pagan sacrificial altars. Next morning, Muftah's jeeps snaked from Ayun to Kafiristan, ending up on a rough surface chiselled into the mountainside, barely wide enough for a car, impassable for part of the winter, and intermittently blocked for the rest by avalanches of stones and rubble caused by melting snow.
We entered the Rumbur Valley, one of three inhabited 'Black Infidel' valleys. Giant walnut trees bowed down over fast-flowing streams, grapevines trapped mulberry and apricot trees in their webs, evergreen oaks and Himalayan cedars enveloped the 2,000-metre summits, and lush fields of vegetable and cereal crops carpeted the rugged valley floor.
The Kalash men wear regular and unassuming shalwar-kameez, the same as their Muslim neighbours. They manage the livestock, mainly goats, taking them up the mountains for several months to produce milk and cheese. The women wear nun-like black woollen robes tied with black sash belts. Strings of multi-coloured beads hang from their necks, five plaits of hair lie generously under a regal headdress sown with rows of cowrie shells and bright buttons, topped with a massive red woollen ball.
They dance by stomping and shuffling their way through an intricate series of cartwheels and polka-step circles. Drums and handclaps provide the rhythm; flutes, shrill penny whistles and catcalls the accompaniment. The women till the land, pick the fruit and prepare the food. Both sexes are heavily into their surprisingly palatable and strong red wine. Most have fair skin and blue eyes and are shown by DNA studies, linguistic similarities and historical and oral traditions to be descended from the armies of Alexander the Great.
As we approached, several people on the roadside came running up screaming, 'Jonny Taliban. Jonny Taliban!'
'Aren't you worried by that nickname?' I asked Jonny.
'It's a bit unnerving I know, Howard, but Taliban actually means a seeker of the truth. I feel honoured.'
Saifullah Jan, the first Kalash man to be educated outside the valley (a year's law course in Peshawar) and chief representative for the people, lives in the village of Balangaru. He is a champion when it comes to protecting the Kalash timber, walnuts (their main source of protein), land and grazing rights. Our guesthouse is also run by Saifullah; previous guests include Michael Palin and virtually every anthropologist who has visited the valley.
I dumped my bags and went for a stroll through the village. A maze of channels consisting of wooden aqueducts, stone buttresses and mini-canals distributed roaring torrents of water, providing laundry areas, sanitation and hydroelectric power (from dusk to dawn only). A water-driven barley mill and row of granaries stood next to houses, which are built of wood, mud and stone in such a way that the balcony of one is the roof of another. I carried on to the sacred sanctuary. Surrounded by trees and geometrically designed wooden statues, dried branches lay ready for ignition on the bloodstained altar.
Bashali (inhabited by women while menstruating or giving birth) feature predominantly in Kalash culture. I had assumed that bashali were male-crafted prison-like institutions. Back at Saifullah's guesthouse, Jonny put me right. Kalash women are tough as old boots, athletic, fashion-conscious and incredibly beautiful. They work in the fields wearing elaborate dresses sparkling like rainbows, each individually designed and made by the wearer to express her personality and creative powers. Bashali exist because women want them.
'Anyway,' said Jonny with a glint in his eyes, 'a Kalash lady is joining the group for dinner tonight. You can ask her.'
Halfway through a goat-and-vegetable curry, we were joined by a woman clad in Kalash clothes. She was Japanese.
Either sex may marry a spouse of any nationality or religion. Bigamy, though rare, is allowed. Akiko Wada, our dinner guest, had married a man from Rumbur and divorced him, but remains fully integrated into the community.
At the core of all Kalash cosmology are the concepts of onjesta and pragata energies. Nangar Dehar, the greatest Kalash shaman and initiator of most Kalash rituals, entered a trance and shot two arrows, one red, one black. The black arrow's landing place was to be the sacrificial altar and centre of onjesta energy, to be visited by only men; the red arrow's, the bashali and centre of pragata energy, to be visited by only women.
All life forms, places and objects are accorded measures of onjesta and pragata. Generally, wine, water, holy sites, men and goats head the onjesta list, while women, Muslims and chickens are the main carriers of pragata. There is communal concern to keep the equally important energies separate. When women attend the bashali, their men do their normal daily tasks. In the bashali women can be creative and resolve personal issues without the stress of village life.
'You have any questions for me?' Saifullah asked, pouring me a huge glass of wine.
'Are you really descended from the Greeks?'
'I hope not. It is not the only theory. I'd prefer my ancestors to be Italian.'
'But what we call Italy today used to be part of Ancient Greece.'
Robert De Niro Movies List
'I think it's better if we're Italian. I don't know why.' Further questions revealed that there were no prisons or police in the valleys. And no written laws, or written language.
'Our spiritual leaders, kazis [judges], maintain our legends. They can recite or sing all 4,000 of them. They will teach their sons to do the same. The shaman communicates with our gods to find out what needs to be done and informs us.'
'What if a Kalash does something that is obviously wrong, like killing someone or stealing goats?'
'It never happens. It couldn't.'
'But if it did?'
'We would ask the shaman what to do.'
'What might he instruct?'
'To sacrifice an animal, so the village eats well, and we can all get drunk.'
I began to understand, or thought I did: there was no good and evil, just onjesta and pragata and their tricky identification and management.
Yet more wine landed on the table. Full of mirth, we drank ourselves under it and squatted on the grass.
'It's a strange one, Jonny; peace, tranquillity and merriment on the front line.'
'I know, I was here on 11 September 2001, but didn't find out anything about the twin towers until 10 days later. These valleys protect you from everything, especially yourself. It is a pity you leave so soon. Did you know the Kalash don't have a word for goodbye? They never leave here; otherwise they lose their identity.'
'I'll be back, Jonny.'
'I know. You must go for a trek next time. Maybe over that mountain there to Afghanistan.'
Essentials
Robert De Niro Chitral Pakistan 2017
Howard Marks travelled with Wild Frontiers (020 7736 3968; www.wildfrontiers.co.uk). The next trip to Pakistan is the 18-day Hindu Kush adventure which departs on 4 September and visits the Hindu Kush, Kalash Valleys, Hunza and the Karakoram Highway.
The price is £1,600 including all accommodation, guides, meals and transport but not flights. British Airways (0844 493 0787; www.ba.com) flies to Islamabad with fares from around £550. There is also a Pakistan tour departing 2 October.
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